牛磺酸对卵形鲳鲹肠道微生物及免疫功能的影响

为了探讨牛磺酸对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)肠道微生物菌群结构和免疫功能的影响,试验以鱼粉、发酵豆粕和玉米蛋白粉为基础蛋白源配制了牛磺酸质量分数分别为1.3 g·kg^-1(T0)、4.4 g·kg^-1(T1)、7.4 g·kg^-1(T2)、10.5 g·kg^-1(T3)、12.7 g·kg^-1(T4)的等氮等脂饲料。将750尾卵形鲳鲹(81.0±0.5)g随机分为5组(每组150尾,分为3个平行),试验为期56 d。高通量测序结果显示在卵形鲳鲹肠道内共获得87707条序列,能够注释到数据库的OTUs数目为5130(95.32%),在门水平上,变形菌门、软壁菌门、螺旋体门为优势菌群。Alpha和Beta多样性分析表明,T2组中的肠道微生物丰富度和多样性最低,T1和T4组间物种组成差异较大(P<0.05)。随外源性牛磺酸的添加,血清溶菌酶活性显著提高,补体C4和免疫球蛋白含量显著增加(P<0.05);各试验组ToTLR-1、ToTLR-2、ToTNF-α和ToIL-1β基因表达量显著降低(P<0.05);T1、T2和T4组的ToNFkB P65基因表达量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);T3和T4组ToIL-10基因表达量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。该试验结果显示,外源牛磺酸对卵形鲳鲹肠道微生物菌群和免疫功能具有显著影响。     

卵形鲳鲹消化道的形态学、组织学和组织化学

采用形态解剖、组织学和组织化学方法,研究了卵形鲳鲹Trachinotus ovatus消化道结构的特点。结果表明：卵形鲳鲹口咽腔较小,上下唇有许多绒毛状突起;上下颌无齿,鳃耙内侧具有绒毛状细齿,口咽腔具有多种类型齿;食道粗短,内表面分布有许多较为宽大的黏膜褶;胃呈＂U＂形,盲囊部明显,贲门部和盲囊部具有丰富的胃小凹和胃腺;前、中、后肠黏膜褶丰富,后肠黏液细胞密度最大,肠长比为0.61;幽门盲囊细长,有25～35条。消化腺为肝胰脏。食道以Ⅰ型黏液细胞为主,贲门部以Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型黏液细胞为主,盲囊部、幽门部、前肠、中肠和幽门盲囊以Ⅲ型黏液细胞为主,后肠以Ⅱ型黏液细胞为主。     

二种佐剂对哈氏弧菌OMPC-溶藻弧菌LPS偶联疫苗的增效作用

制备哈氏弧菌SpGY020601外膜蛋白复合物(OMPC)和溶藻弧菌EpGS021001脂多糖(LPS)偶联疫苗,设置偶联疫苗组、偶联疫苗 ISA763佐剂组、偶联疫苗 β-葡聚糖佐剂(DEAE)组以及生理盐水对照组,并以相同程序免疫卵型鲳鲹。溶菌酶活性检测、微量凝集反应试验结果显示:各疫苗组血清中的溶菌酶含量无显著差异(P>0.05),但均远高于生理盐水对照组(P<0.05);ISA763佐剂组抗哈氏弧菌SpGY020601抗体滴度较其他组出现的早,抗溶藻弧菌EpGS021001抗体滴度较其他组持续时间长;β-葡聚糖佐剂组次之,其次是无佐剂组,对照组始终未检测到抗体。各组分为腹腔注射攻毒与浸泡攻毒,对EpGS021001的攻击,ISA763佐剂组相对保护率分别为90%和70%,高于β-葡聚糖佐剂组的85%和55%,以及无佐剂组的80%和55%;对SpGY020601的攻击,ISA763佐剂组相对保护率分别为95%和80%,高于或相当于β-葡聚糖佐剂组的95%和75%,以及无佐剂组的90%和75%。     

斯氏小盲绥螨取食3种花粉和椭圆食粉螨的实验种群生命表

为了研究斯氏小盲绥螨［Typhlodromips swirskii (Athias Henriot)］取食3种不同花粉和椭圆食粉螨［Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Troupeau)］的发育和繁殖,为斯氏小盲绥螨人工大量饲养提供理论依据,在光照L∥D=10 h∥14 h、相对湿度85%,温度(25±1) ℃的条件下, 研究斯氏小盲绥螨取食向日葵花粉、丝瓜花粉、玉米花粉和椭圆食粉螨的生物学特性,并组建其实验种群生命表。结果表明,斯氏小盲绥螨取食向日葵花粉、丝瓜花粉、玉米花粉和椭圆食粉螨均能从卵发育至成螨并繁殖后代,雌螨发育历期分别为10.42、8.32、9.18、14.43 d;平均每雌总产卵量分别为31.20、65.30、40.17、9.62粒;内禀增长率分别为0.134 3、0.150 2、0.144 9、0.089 5;取食丝瓜花粉的净增殖率（R0=45.057 0）、内禀增长率(rm=0.150 2)和周限增长率 （λ=1.162 0）都最大;取食玉米花粉的雌雄性比最大（2.27∶1）;取食椭圆食粉螨的雌雄性比（0.91∶1）、净增殖率（4.578 8）和内禀增长率（0.089 5）都最小。     

下一代益生菌——卵形拟杆菌研究进展

近年来，肠道菌群研究获得的重大突破表明，卵形拟杆菌具有代谢多糖及胆碱盐的能力，对于治疗糖尿 病、心血管疾病、炎症性肠病及癌症等具有生理功效，被认为是具有潜在益生作用的下一代益生菌，具有极其广阔 的研究和应用前景，已成为近年来国内外研究的热点。然而，目前对于卵形拟杆菌的细菌学特性、功能特性和应用 前景还没有较为系统全面的总结。本文主要从卵形拟杆菌的细菌学特性、功能特性和应用前景三方面综述卵形拟杆 菌的研究现状，以期为国内外同行进行相关研究和应用提供参考。     

Effect of dietary sodium butyrate on growth performance,enzyme activities and intestinal proliferation‐related gene expression of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary sodium butyrate on growth performance, intestine enzyme activities and intestinal proliferation‐related gene expression of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus. A basal diet was supplemented with sodium butyrate at 0.0 (control), 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 g/kg feed for 8 weeks. The final body weight, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and condition factor (CF) increased with increasing dietary sodium butyrate up to 2.0 g/kg, and thereafter declined, while feed conversion ratio exhibited an opposite trend. Compared with the control, the 2.0 g/kg sodium butyrate group had higher condition factor (CF) significantly (p < 0.05). Whole body ash decreased with increasing dietary sodium butyrate level, with the lowest whole body ash content in 4.0 g/kg sodium butyrate (p < 0.05). Compared with the control, the 2.0 g/kg sodium butyrate group had significantly increased plasma glucose, cholesterol, albumin level, A/G ratio, ALT and AST contents (p < 0.05), while significantly decreased plasma ALT/AST ratio (p < 0.05). As for the intestinal digestive and brush border enzymes activities, compared with the control, the 2.0 and 4.0 g/kg sodium butyrate groups had significantly increased intestinal protease, amylase, AKP and Na⁺‐K⁺‐ATPase activities (p < 0.05), respectively. The relative level of intestinal CDX2 mRNA of fish significantly increased with dietary sodium butyrate level. Compared with the control, the 2.0 g/kg sodium butyrate groups had significantly increased the expression of intestinal CDX2 and CREB mRNA (p < 0.05), respectively. In conclusion, these results suggested that the optimum sodium butyrate level for juvenile golden pompano could be 2.0 g/kg of the diet.     

Nutritional regulation of gene expression and enzyme activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the hepatic gluconeogenesis pathway in golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) is known to exist as mitochondrial (PEPCK‐M) and cytosolic isoforms (PEPCK‐C). They are involved in glucose production and play vital roles in regulating glucose homeostasis. This study aimed to (1) clone and characterize PEPCK‐C cDNA from golden pompano fish (Trachinotus ovatus), which are known to have poor utilization of dietary carbohydrates, and (2) analyze the regulation of its expression by varying dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios and nutritional status. A full length golden pompano PEPCK‐C cDNA fragment of 2,652 bp was cloned, which contains an open reading frame of 1,875 bp encoding 624 amino acids and shows a high homology to cobia (Rachycentron canadum) PEPCK‐C sequence (92% similarity). The analysis of tissue distributions of PEPCK‐C mRNA showed that a high abundance of PEPCK‐C was expressed in golden pompano liver, followed by kidney; while lower expression levels were found in the heart and intestine. In liver, PEPCK is under the regulation of dietary composition and nutritional status at the enzymatic and molecular levels. Our results indicate that PEPCK‐C plays a modulating role in the adaptation of hepatic gluconeogenesis to different nutrient conditions. Thus, the absence of molecular inhibition of gluconeogenic PEPCK gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), which can at least partially account for their poor utilization of dietary carbohydrate, is specific to these species and is not observed in golden pompano. Further studies that examine, at the enzymatic and molecular levels, other key enzymes involved in hepatic glucose metabolism are necessary to understand the poor utilization of carbohydrates in golden pompano.     

温度、盐度、pH对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼离体鳃组织耗氧量的影响

运用SKW-3微量呼吸仪对卵形鲳鲹（Trachinotus ovatus）幼鱼离体鳃组织的耗氧量进行了测定，研究了温度、盐度、pH对卯形鲳鲹幼鱼离体鳃组织耗氧量和单位呼吸面积耗氧量的影响。结果显示，卵形鲳鲹幼鱼离体鳃组织的耗氧量和单位呼吸面积的耗氧量均随着温度、盐度、pH的上升而逐渐增高，在水温27℃、盐度28和pH8．5时，离体鳃组织的耗氧量达到最大值；在水温27℃、盐度23和pH8．5时单位呼吸面积的耗氧量达最大值；随后耗氧量均逐渐减小。经方差分析，温度、盐度、pH对离体鳃组织耗氧量的影响均显著（P〈0．05）；温度和盐度对离体鳃组织单位呼吸面积的耗氧量影响极显著（P〈0．01）；pH对离体鳃组织单位呼吸面积的耗氧量影响也达显著水平（P〈0．05）；其中盐度为18和33这2组的离体鳃组织耗氧量差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

基于线粒体控制区的中国南海海域卵形鲳鲹遗传多样性

为探讨中国南海重要经济鱼类卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)的遗传多样性,测定了广东闸坡、乌石、安铺和广西东兴以及海南新盈等5个地理群体97 ind样品的线粒体控制区5'端359 bp序列,发现47个变异位点,32个单倍型,总体呈现高单倍型多样性(h=0.951)和高核苷酸(π=0.020 9)多样性的特点。在邻接树和单倍型网络图中出现2个分化显著但不存在明显地理聚群的分支,推测二者的分化时间约为60~18万年前(中更新世),可能是中更新世冰期海平面下降形成边缘海而导致隔离,间冰期海平面上升后出现二次接触。不同地理群体间的遗传分化不显著(Fst=-0.022 4~0.045 3),AMOVA分析也显示97%以上的遗传变异来源于群体内个体间。卵形鲳鲹2个谱系及总体的核苷酸错配图呈现多峰,中性检验均为负值不显著(P0.05),表明都未经历过大规模的种群扩张,处于相对稳定的状态。     

低氧环境下卵形鲳鲹的氧化应激响应与生理代谢相关指标的研究

文章测定了急性和慢性低氧胁迫后卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)的氧化应激和生理代谢相关指标。结果显示,在(23±0.7)℃下,体质量(31.59±3.01)g的鱼在急性低氧胁迫条件下的个体成活率为100%,在慢性低氧胁迫条件下的成活率则不断下降,第11天时降为实验初始时的50%。急性低氧胁迫过程中随低氧胁迫时间延长鳃过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降,第3小时最低,随后升高,第24小时显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随低氧持续先上升后恢复至正常水平,慢性低氧胁迫下鳃CAT活性与对照组相比显著降低(P0.05)。MDA、GSH含量和SOD活性则均显著升高(P0.05)。肝糖原(LG)在急性低氧胁迫过程中随低氧呈先下降后恢复的趋势,第12小时降至最低,第24小时恢复至对照组水平,慢性胁迫后LG下降。乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平在急性低氧胁迫过程中随低氧先升后降,第3小时达最大值,第24小时下降为对照组水平,慢低氧胁迫后LDH水平显著高于对照组(P0.05)。